........................................................................................................................3
1 Cisco Inter-network Operating System (IOS)........................................................4
1.1 Cisco IOS Operation Modes............................................................................4
1.1.1 User EXEC Mode ....................................................................................5
1.1.2 Privileged EXEC Mode............................................................................5
1.1.3 Configuration Mode.................................................................................5
1.1.4 No Form ..................................................................................................5
1.2 Getting Help ...................................................................................................6
1.3 Configuration Files .........................................................................................6
1.4 Configuration System (Setup) .........................................................................7
1.5 IP Address and Interface Configuration...........................................................7
2 Routing Protocol Configuration ............................................................................8
2.1 Routing Information Protocol RIP...................................................................8
2.1.1 RIP Commands........................................................................................8
2.1.2 Specify a RIP Version..............................................................................8
2.1.3 No Form ..................................................................................................9
2.2 Open Shortest Path First OSPF .......................................................................9
2.2.1 OSPF Commands.....................................................................................9
2.2.2 Router ID...............................................................................................10
2.2.3 Virtual Link ...........................................................................................11
2.2.4 Configure OSPF Interface Parameters ....................................................11
2.2.5 Configure OSPF authentication..............................................................12
2.2.6 No Form ................................................................................................12
2.3 RIP and OSPF Redistribution........................................................................13
2.3.1 RIP ........................................................................................................13
2.3.2 OSPF .....................................................................................................13
2.3.3 Gateway.................................................................................................13
2.3.4 LAN.......................................................................................................13
3 Configure CEF ...................................................................................................14
3.1 Enable CEF ......................................................................................................14
3.2 Enable Per-Packet Load Balancing ...................................................................14
3.3 Enable Network Accounting for CEF................................................................14
3.4 Verifying CEF ..................................................................................................14
References..................................................................................................................15
3
Purpose
Purpose of this document is to show how to use and configure Cisco 2600 Series
routers. Mainly this document has been done for Laboratory work course (S-38.133) at
Networking Laboratory at HUT. On laboratory course these Cisco’s routers are used for
IPv4 routing in small network.
This document includes configuring interfaces up and routing part, which has manual
for RIP (Routing Information Protocol) and for OSPF (Open Shortest Path First). For
other routing protocols among others BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) see for example
Cisco’s web site1
.
Chapter 3 is suited very good for example for PC routers running Zebra2
(nowadays
Quagga3
) as routing daemon, because it has same commands as Cisco routers use.
Mainly this document is collection of Cisco’s manuals ([1] – [2], [6] – [7]), which are
modified for our laboratory course’s use.
1
www.cisco.com
2
www.zebra.org
3
www.quagga.net
4
1 Cisco Inter-network Operating System (IOS)
1.1 Cisco IOS Operation Modes
The Cisco Software provides access to four different command modes. There are more
commands, but in normal use they are not necessary. Each command mode provides a
different group of related commands. For security purposes, the Cisco IOS software
provides two levels of access to commands: user and privileged. The unprivileged user
mode is called user EXEC mode. The privileged mode is called privileged EXEC mode
and requires a password.
The following table, Table (1) describes four used modes, how to enter the modes and
the resulting prompts. The prompt helps you identify which mode you are in and
therefore which commands are available to you. In Fig. (1) these four operation modes
are presented as a figure.
Table 1. Accessing and Exiting Command Modes.
Command Mode Access Method Prompt Exit Method
User EXEC Log in. Router> Use the logout
command.
Privileged EXEC From user EXEC
mode, use the enable
EXEC Command
Router# To return to user EXEC
mode, use the disable
command
Global configuration From privileged
EXEC mode, use the
configure terminal
privileged EXEC
command.
Router(config)# To return to privileged
EXEC mode from
global configuration
mode, use the exit or
end command, or press
Ctrl-Z.
Interface configuration From global
configuration mode,
specify an interface
using an interface (or
router) command
Router(config-if)#
Or
Router(configrouter)#
To return to global
configuration mode use
the exit command. To
return to privileged
EXEC mode, use the
end command, or press
Ctrl-Z.
5
Router#
Router>
Router(config)#
Router(config-if)#
enable
configure
terminal
interface etc. exit
exit,
end,
Ctrl-Z
disable
exit,
end,
Ctrl-Z
Figure 1. Four Cisco IOS Operation modes and their accesses and exits as a figure.
1.1.1 User EXEC Mode
When you are connected to the router, you are started in user EXEC mode. The user
EXEC commands are a subset of the privileged EXEC commands.
1.1.2 Privileged EXEC Mode
Privileged commands include the following:
• Configure – Changes the software configuration.
• Debug – Display process and hardware event messages.
• Setup – Enter configuration information at the prompts.
Enter the command disable to exit from the privileged EXEC mode and return to user
EXEC mode.
1.1.3 Configuration Mode
Configuration mode has a set of submodes that you use for modifying interface
settings, routing protocol settings, line settings, and so forth. Use caution with
configuration mode because all changes you enter take effect immediately.
To enter configuration mode, enter the command configure terminal and exit by
pressing Ctrl-Z.
1.1.4 No Form
Almost every configuration command also has a no form. In general, use the no form to
disable a feature or function. Use the command without the keyword no to re-enable a
disabled feature or to enable a feature that is disabled by default. For example, IP
6
routing is enabled by default. To disable IP routing, enter the no ip routing command
and enter ip routing to re-enable it.
1.2 Getting Help
In any command mode, you can get a list of available commands by entering a question
mark (?).
Router>?
To obtain a list of command that begin with a particular character sequence, type in
those characters followed immediately by the question mark (?).
Router#co?
Configure connect copy
To list keywords or arguments, enter a question mark in place of a keyword or
argument. Include a space before the question mark.
Router#configure ?
memory Configure from NV memory
network Configure from a TFTP network host
terminal Configure from the terminal
You can also abbreviate commands and keywords by entering just enough characters to
make the command unique from other commands. For example, you can abbreviate the
show command to sh.
1.3 Configuration Files
Any time you make changes to the router configuration, you must save the changes to
memory because if you do not they will be lost if there is a system reload or power
outage. There are two types of configuration files: the running (current operating)
configuration and the startup configuration, which is loaded up in rebooting a router.
Use the following privileged mode commands to work with configuration files.
• configure terminal – modify the running configuration manually from the
terminal.
• show running-config – display the running configuration.
• show startup-config – display the startup configuration.
• copy running-config startup-config – copy the running configuration to the
startup configuration.
• copy startup-config running-config – copy the startup configuration to the
running configuration.
• erase startup-config – erase the startup-configuration in NVRAM.
• copy tftp running-config – load a configuration file stored on a Trivial File
Transfer Protocol (TFTP) server into the running configuration.
• copy running-config tftp – store the running configuration on a TFTP server.
7
1.4 Configuration System (Setup)
In privileged EXEC mode you can setup the whole system, for example setup network
cards, put IP addresses, start simple RIP routing.
Router#setup
In Cisco routers interfaces are named as FastEthernet0/0 and FastEthernet0/1. Some of
our lab routers also include serial cable interfaces. Numbering is same like above.
1.5 IP Address and Interface Configuration
If you don’t like to put IP address like in 1.4 Configuration System (Setup), you can put
them with the following instructions.
In privileged EXEC mode give the next command:
Router#config terminal
Then enter the interface type port to enter the interface configuration mode.
Router(config)#interface FastEthernet0/0
Now you are in interface configuration mode and you can modify this chosen interface.
Enter the IP address and subnet mask of the interface using ip address ipaddress
subnetmask command.
Router(config-if)#ip address 10.12.0.1 255.255.255.252
In this mode you can give parameters like for example hello protocol interval in OSPF
for an interface. Exit interface configuration mode by giving command Ctrl-Z.
8
2 Routing Protocol Configuration
2.1 Routing Information Protocol RIP
You can modify RIP routing by giving the next command in global configuration
mode:
Router(config)#router rip
2.1.1 RIP Commands
Then in router configuration mode Router(config-router)# you can give the
next listed commands:
• address-family Enter Address Family command mode
• auto-summary Enable automatic network number
summarization
• default Set a command to its defaults
• default-information Control distribution of default information
• default-metric Set metric of redistributed routes
• distance Define an administrative distance
• distribute-list Filter networks in routing updates
• exit Exit from routing protocol configuration mode
• flash-update-threshold Specify flash update threshold in second
• help Description of the interactive help system
• input-queue Specify input queue depth
• maximum-paths Forward packets over multiple paths
• neighbor Specify a neighbor router
• network Enable routing on an IP network
• no Negate a command or set its defaults
• offset-list Add or subtract offset from IGRP or RIP metrics
• output-delay Interpacket delay for RIP updates
• passive-interface Suppress routing updates on an interface
• redistribute Redistribute information from another routing
protocol
• timers Adjust routing timers
• traffic-share How to compute traffic share over alternate
paths
• validate-update-source Perform sanity checks against source address of
routing updates
• version Set routing protocol version
2.1.2 Specify a RIP Version
By default the software receives the both RIP version 1 and version 2 packets but send
only version 1 packets. To control which RIP version an interface sends, use one of the
following commands in interface configuration mode, shown in Table (2).
9
Table 2. RIP version commands in sending.
Command Purpose
ip rip send version 1 Configure an interface to send only RIP
version 1 packets.
ip rip send version 2 Configure an interface to send only RIP
version 2 packets.
ip rip send version 1 2 Configure an interface to send RIP
version 1 and 2 packets.
To control how packets received from an interface are processed, use one of commands
shown in Table (3).
Table 3. RIP version commands in receiving.
Command Purpose
ip rip receive version 1 Configure an interface to receive only
RIP version 1 packets.
ip rip receive version 2 Configure an interface to receive only
RIP version 2 packets.
ip rip receive version 1 2 Configure an interface to receive RIP
version 1 and 2 packets.
2.1.3 No Form
To turn off any feature of RIP routing, for example to turn off neighbor 10.12.0.5
255.255.255.252, give the next command:
Router(config-router)#no neighbor 10.12.0.5 255.255.255.252
To turn off RIP, use the no router rip command:
Router(config)#no router rip
2.2 Open Shortest Path First OSPF
You can modify OSPF routing by giving the next command in global configuration
mode:
Router(config)#router ospf process-id
Process-id is a number between 1 and 65535. Pick the process-id which is not being
used. To determine which ids are being used, issue the show process command
Router#show ip ospf
2.2.1 OSPF Commands
Then in router configuration mode Router(config-router)# you can give the
next listed commands:
10
• area OSPF area parameters
• auto-cost Calculate OSPF interface cost according to
bandwidth
• capability Enable specific OSPF feature
• compatible OSPF compatibility list
• default Set a command to its defaults
• default-information Control distribution of default information
• default-metric Set metric of redistributed routes
• discard-route Enable or disable discard-route installation
• distance Define an administrative distance
• distribute-list Filter networks in routing updates
• domain-id OSPF domain-id
• domain-tag OSPF domain-tag
• exit Exit from routing protocol configuration mode
• help Description of the interactive help system
• ignore Do not complain about specific event
• log-adjacency-changes Log changes in adjacency state
• maximum-paths Forward packets over multiple paths
• neighbor Specify a neighbor router
• network Enable routing on an IP network
• no Negate a command or set its defaults
• passive-interface Suppress routing updates on an interface
• redistribute Redistribute information from another routing
protocol
• router-id router-id for this OSPF process
• summary-address Configure IP address summaries
• timers Adjust routing timers
• traffic-share How to compute traffic share over alternate
paths
The network-number identifies the network using OSPF. The mask tells which bits to
use from the network-number, and the area-id is used for determining areas in an OSPF
configuration. For example:
Router(config-router)#network 10.12.0.4 255.255.255.252 area 0
Area 0 is so called backbone network.
2.2.2 Router ID
Router ID is the tie-breaker for OSPF path selection. The path selection process uses a
variety of metrics to select a route. If all other metrics (accessibility, administrative
weight, local preference, etc.) are equal, OSPF determines the router ID using the
following priority:
1. Use the address configured by the ospf router-id command
2. Use the address of the loopback 0 interface
3. Use the highest IP address of any interface
4. If no interface exists, set the router-ID to 0.0.0.0
11
If no OSPF router ID is explicitly configured, OSPF computes the router-ID based on
the items 2, 3, and 4 and restarts OSPF (if the process is enabled and router-ID has
changed). The ospf router-id command causes the OSPF process to restart using the
new router-ID (if the processes are enabled and router-ID has changed).
Use in router configuration mode ospf router-id ip-address command to set the OSPF
router ID for the system. Use the no ospf router-id to configure the OSPF router ID as
the default value (address of the loopback 0 interface). Factory Default is Loopback 0
interface address.
Router(config-router)#router id 1.1.1.1
It is very recommend checking router’s router ID by giving the next command
Router#show ip ospf
2.2.3 Virtual Link
A Virtual link can be built up for network shown in Figure (2) by
1. Defining Router IDs for the both ends.
2. Giving in router configuration mode the area x virtual-link A.B.C.D, where x is
area ID in the both routers. For example in Router 1.1.1.1
Router(config-router)#area 1 virtual-link 2.2.2.2
Figure 2. Configuration a Virtual link.
To ensure a virtual link is up, give the next command
Router#show ip ospf
2.2.4 Configure OSPF Interface Parameters
You are not required to alter any of these parameters, but some interface parameters
must be consistent across all routers in an attached network. In interface configuration
mode, specify any of the following commands show in Table (4).
Table 4. OSPF Interface Parameters.
Command Purpose
ip ospf cost cost Explicitly specify the cost of sending a
packet on an OSPF interface.
ip ospf retransmit-interval seconds Specify the number of seconds between
link state advertisement retransmissions
for adjacencies belonging to an OSPF
interface.
12
ip ospf transmit-delay seconds Set the estimated number of seconds it
takes to transmit a link state update packet
on an OSPF interface.
ip ospf priority number Set router priority to help determine the
OSPF designated router for a network.
ip ospf hello-interval seconds Specify the length of time, in seconds,
between the hello packets that a router
sends on an OSPF interface.
ip ospf dead-interval seconds Set the number of seconds that a router’s
hello packets must not have been seen
before its neighbors declare the OSPF
router down.
ip ospf authentication-key password Assign a specific password to be used by
neighboring OSPF routers on a network
segment that is using OSPF’s simple
password authentication.
2.2.5 Configure OSPF authentication
Cisco router supports message-digest hashing algorithm to guarantee the integrity of
OSPF packets and authenticate between the routers. The key is set on interface by the
following command
Router(config-if)#ip ospf message-digest-key key-id md5
encryption-type key
The key-id is an identifier and takes the value in the range of 1 through 255.The
encryption type field refers to the type of encryption, where 0 means none and 7 means
proprietary. The key is an alphanumeric password up to sixteen characters. Neighbor
routers must use the same key identifier with the same key value.
After the key is configured, authentication must be enabled in global configuration
mode
Router(config)#router ospf process-id
Router(config-router)#area area-id authentication messagedigest
2.2.6 No Form
To turn off any feature of OSPF routing, for example to turn off network 10.12.0.4
255.255.255.252 area 0, give the next command:
Router(config-router)#no network 10.12.0.4 255.255.255.252
area 0
To turn off RIP, use the no router rip command:
Router(config)#no router ospf process-id
13
2.3 RIP and OSPF Redistribution
2.3.1 RIP
If you like to redistribute routing information to OSPF, you have to tell RIP running
router process-id of OSPF and default-metric value. For example
Router(config-router)#redistribute ospf process-id
And default-metric value:
Router(config-router)#default-metric value
Value is a positive integer.
2.3.2 OSPF
In OSPF you have to mention any default-metric value, just give the next command, if
you like to transform routing information to RIP.
Router(config-router)#redistribute rip
In addition in classless addressing, you have to write subnets, like
Router(config-router)#redistribute rip subnets
2.3.3 Gateway
When you have a network with running a routing protocol and you like to connect it to
another network running B routing protocol throughout one or more routers, you have
to tell about border area router or gateway router with the following command. B
network is generally much bigger and for example the Internet.
Router(config-router)#default-information originate
2.3.4 LAN
If a LAN is connected to a router as shown in Fig. 3., you have to tell about it to the
router’s routing protocol. Just write
Router(config-router)#redistribute connected
LAN
Figure 3. Redistributing to LAN
14
3 Configure CEF
Load balancing is based on a combination of source and destination packet information;
it allows you to optimize resources by distributing traffic over multiple equal-cost
connections for transferring data to a destination. You configure load balancing on
outbound interfaces on a per-destination or per-packet basis.
3.1 Enable CEF
To enable CEF, use the following command in global configuration mode:
Router(config)# ip cef
3.2 Enable Per-Packet Load Balancing
Per-destination load balancing is enabled by default when you enable CEF. Typically,
you would disable per-destination load balancing when you want to enable per-packet
load balancing. To disable per-destination load balancing, use the following command
in interface configuration mode:
Router (config-if) # no ip load-sharing per-destination
To enable per-packet load balancing, use the following command in interface
configuration mode:
Router (config-if) # ip load-sharing per-packet
3.3 Enable Network Accounting for CEF
Hash bucket accounting to collect statistics is better to understand Cisco Express
Forwarding patterns in your network. Use the following command to enable it:
Router (config) # ip cef accounting load-balance-hash
3.4 Verifying CEF
Use the use the following commands in privileged EXEC mode to view the path-tobucket
assignment result from the hash bucket accounting
Router# show ip cef {prefix} internal
15
References
[1] Cisco: Configuring RIP
http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/software/ios120/12cgcr/np1_c/1cprt1
/1crip.pdf
[2] Cisco: Configuring OSPF
http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/software/ios120/12cgcr/np1_c/1cprt1
/1cospf.pdf
[3] Josh Gentry: Cisco Router Configuration Tutorial
http://www.swcp.com/~jgentry/topo/cisco.htm
[4] University of Pittsburgh, School of Information Science:
http://www.tele.pitt.edu/Main/Resources/Labs/lab_manual/Router%20Config%20Tutor
ial.pdf
[5] Avici systems: OSPF Router-id
http://www.avici.com/documentation/HTMLDocs/02223-06_revBA/ospf19.html
[6] Cisco: What Are OSPF Areas and Virtual Links?
http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/104/8.pdf
[7] Cisco: RIP and OSPF Redistribution:
http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/cisintwk/ics/cs001.htm
[8] Cisco: Configuring Cisco Express Forwarding Load sharing
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk827/tk831/technologies_tech_note09186a0080094
806.shtml
[9] Cisco: Cisco Expressing Forwarding
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/ios/11_2/feature/guide/cef.html
[10] Cisco: Sample Configuration for Authentication in OSPF
http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/104/25.pdf
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